Key Points Common in industrial automation Supports simple master-slave or client-server exchange Used with PLCs, sensors, and actuators Widely deployed in legacy and modern systems May run over serial links or Ethernet depending on variant Limited security features in classic…
Key Points Connects spacecraft directly in space for orbital data exchange Supports routing, relay, and coordination between satellites Reduces reliance on ground relay in constellation and relay architectures Used in satellite constellations, Earth observation systems, navigation systems, and space-based communications…
Key Points Monitors battery condition and safety Controls charge and discharge behavior Protects against overvoltage, undervoltage, and thermal limits Measures voltage, current, temperature, and cell-level balance Prevents unsafe operating conditions through active regulation Definition Battery Management System is the subsystem…
Key Points Provides multiple available routes Improves resilience and availability Used in networks and transport systems Reduces dependence on a single path Most valuable when alternate paths do not share the same failure domain Definition Path Diversity is the presence…
Key Points Loop Prevention is defined for network or system use Mechanisms that prevent forwarding or routing loops Used across network and system environments Used in networking, routing protocols, and distributed control environments Core requirement when path selection or message…
Key Points Describes field orientation of electromagnetic waves Used in RF and antenna design Important for interference separation and spectrum reuse May be linear, circular, or other forms Affects channel separation, propagation, and spectrum reuse capability Definition Polarization is the…
Key Points Uses application context in routing decisions Supports policy-based traffic steering Common in enterprise and cloud networks Can optimize service performance by flow type Works by using classification, metadata, policy rules, or telemetry to direct specific traffic to preferred…
Key Points Controlled reduction in capability while preserving partial operation Preserves partial function rather than failing completely Used in operational and architecture contexts Works by shedding optional functions, reducing quality, or disabling nonessential features in a planned way Definition Graceful…
Key Points Operational data collection from network systems including routers, switches, gateways, and cloud network services Produces metrics, events, traces, and measurements that describe network behavior over time Supports monitoring, troubleshooting, and performance analysis Enables visibility into traffic, device health,…
Key Points Focuses on uninterrupted or rapidly restored service delivery Relies on resilience and recovery design Used in telecom, cloud, and operational contexts Often supported by redundancy and failover mechanisms Emphasizes practical continuity of delivery rather than only technical uptime…
