Key Points Represents IP network prefixes Used in IPv4 and IPv6 addressing Supports subnet planning and routing Compact alternative to older mask notation Definition CIDR Notation is a compact way to represent IP address prefixes and network masks using a…
Key Points Causes attenuation in RF propagation Depends on frequency and atmospheric composition Relevant in satellite and microwave links Can reduce link margin and coverage Frequency-dependent absorption peaks (oxygen and water vapor) Increases with path length and atmospheric density Distinct…
Key Points Inactive until failover occurs Lowest steady-state resource cost Slowest recovery among standby modes Dormant backup mode Definition Cold Standby System is a backup system that remains inactive until it is needed, enabling lower steady-state resource consumption while accepting…
Key Points Demultiplexing is the separation of combined data or signal streams into their component parts Used across network and system contexts for restoring individual flows Works by using identifiers, timing, encoding, or channel structure to split combined streams Operates…
Key Points Divides data into packets that can be routed independently Packets can take different paths through the network Foundation of IP networking and modern digital communications More flexible and scalable than dedicated circuit switching Enables shared infrastructure to carry…
Key Points Maintains orbital position and geometry over time Uses scheduled or on-demand maneuvers to counter drift and perturbations Relies on periodic corrections and control planning Essential for preserving satellite service continuity and mission effectiveness Constrained by propellant budget, maneuver…
Key Points Causes line-of-sight obstruction Common on vessels with tall superstructure elements Can reduce coverage and tracking quality Blockage can be intermittent as the vessel changes heading or motion Definition Antenna Blockage Superstructure is a vessel structure that obstructs an…
Key Points Transmission using a shared timing reference Sender and receiver coordinate via common clock or timing relationship Used in networking, telecom systems, serial links, and digital communications Requires timing accuracy and clock distribution Framing and timing consistency enable reliable…
Key Points Connects different networks or domains May translate protocols or addresses Used in telecom, cloud, and industrial systems Can be physical or logical Acts as a boundary element between separate communication domains Definition Gateway is a device, node, or…
Key Points Enforces one-way data movement between domains Used to separate trusted and less trusted security domains Common in critical infrastructure and industrial security environments Prevents reverse flow of data across security boundaries Operates as a hardware or logical enforcement…
