Key Points Preserve local autonomy while cooperating Used in political, operational, and network contexts Can describe federated cooperation structures Often imply shared objectives with independent control Coordination without full centralization Definition Confederations are groups of autonomous systems or organizations that…
Key Points Delivered as a network service over cloud infrastructure Can include file, block, or object storage models Used for applications, backups, archives, and enterprise workloads Scales with cloud infrastructure without local hardware ownership Access performance, retention cost, consistency behavior,…
Key Points Stores data as objects rather than blocks or files Scales well for large data sets Common in cloud platforms Useful for unstructured or semi-structured data Accessed through APIs rather than mounted as filesystems Supports flexible metadata handling Definition…
Key Points Keeps some state or services preloaded Fails over faster than cold standby Uses more resources than a fully inactive backup Balances readiness with resource cost Reduces recovery time compared with starting from scratch Definition Warm Standby System is…
Key Points Time-series storage for operational and process history Continuously collects and stores operational data for later retrieval and analysis Used in industrial automation, control systems, utilities, and operations centers Supports understanding how industrial systems behaved and changed over time…
Key Points Measures delivered data rate Can differ from nominal bandwidth Affected by overhead and congestion Used in network and system performance analysis Accounts for protocol overhead, congestion, retries, and other losses Definition Throughput is the actual amount of data…
Key Points Identity And Access Management combines security controls with system governance Processes and controls for identity verification and access authorization Used in cloud computing, enterprise IT, and regulated system contexts Includes identity creation, authentication, authorization, and lifecycle management Treats…
Key Points Service Level Objective is defined for network or system use Target performance or reliability level for a service Used in operational and architecture contexts Turns service expectations into measurable thresholds such as availability, latency, or error rate Helps…
Key Points Provides alternate paths or components Used to increase availability and fault tolerance Appears in networks, control systems, and infrastructure Can be active-active or active-standby Requires deliberate design at correct failure domain Common failure modes include split-brain conditions, failed…
Key Points Supports recovery from major outages Uses cloud-hosted backup or standby resources Common in continuity planning Can reduce recovery time and infrastructure duplication Often includes standby systems, replicated data, and tested failover procedures Requires recovery time objectives and recovery…
