Key Points Preserve local autonomy while cooperating Used in political, operational, and network contexts Can describe federated cooperation structures Often imply shared objectives with independent control Coordination without full centralization Definition Confederations are groups of autonomous systems or organizations that…
Key Points Alarm Management System is a software system for handling alarms and operator notification Used in operational and control contexts Prevents operators from being overwhelmed by too many or poorly designed alarms Used in industrial automation, control rooms, utilities,…
Key Points Uses proportional, integral, and derivative terms Common in industrial control Helps regulate process variables Requires tuning for stability and response One of the most common closed-loop control strategies Definition PID Controller is a feedback controller that uses proportional,…
Key Points Delivered as a network service over cloud infrastructure Can include file, block, or object storage models Used for applications, backups, archives, and enterprise workloads Scales with cloud infrastructure without local hardware ownership Access performance, retention cost, consistency behavior,…
Key Points Packages software with dependencies Provides isolated runtime environments Used in cloud and application deployment Supports portability and repeatability Enables consistent application behavior from development through production Definition Containerization is the packaging of software and its dependencies into isolated…
Key Points Stores data as objects rather than blocks or files Scales well for large data sets Common in cloud platforms Useful for unstructured or semi-structured data Accessed through APIs rather than mounted as filesystems Supports flexible metadata handling Definition…
Key Points Uses a central hub for interconnection Simplifies routing and control Common in telecom and enterprise designs Can create a central dependency Hub capacity and resilience become critical factors Definition Hub And Spoke Architecture is a network design in…
Key Points Captures events for analysis Supports troubleshooting and audit Used in software, infrastructure, and operations May be structured or unstructured Provides traceability and an audit trail Used across application development, cloud operations, cybersecurity, networking, and industrial systems Definition Logging…
Key Points Keeps some state or services preloaded Fails over faster than cold standby Uses more resources than a fully inactive backup Balances readiness with resource cost Reduces recovery time compared with starting from scratch Definition Warm Standby System is…
Key Points Centralizes monitoring and control of mission operations Receives telemetry, issues commands, and coordinates procedures Maintains situational awareness for controlled mission execution Used in satellite operations, aerospace missions, and remote asset control Manages communication latency, operator workload, and command…
