Key Points Central hub connects many endpoints Reduces direct interconnection complexity Common in networking and logistics Creates a central dependency Hub capacity and latency are key constraints Single point of failure risk if hub redundancy is not designed Definition Hub…
Key Points Demultiplexing is the separation of combined data or signal streams into their component parts Used across network and system contexts for restoring individual flows Works by using identifiers, timing, encoding, or channel structure to split combined streams Operates…
Key Points Divides data into packets that can be routed independently Packets can take different paths through the network Foundation of IP networking and modern digital communications More flexible and scalable than dedicated circuit switching Enables shared infrastructure to carry…
Key Points Combines private and public cloud environments Supports workload placement across environments Used for flexibility and governance Requires integration and network coordination Enables organizations to use both dedicated and shared cloud resources together Definition Hybrid Cloud is a cloud…
Key Points Connects end users to the service network Used in satellite and access architectures Often paired with a forward or return direction Important in terminal and link planning Definition User Link is the communication path between a user terminal…
Key Points Finds shortest path from a source node to all reachable destinations Uses cumulative path cost to expand candidates Applies to routing, path planning, network engineering, and graph optimization problems Requires nonnegative edge weights Produces deterministic, globally optimal paths…
Key Points Software-based deployment model for network functions Replaces or supplements fixed-purpose network appliances with virtualized software functions Functions such as routing, firewalling, and optimization run on virtualized infrastructure Enables flexible deployment, scaling, and orchestration of network capabilities Used in…
Key Points Shares route metrics with neighboring routers Uses hop count as its primary metric Simple routing protocol with limited scale Used mainly in legacy or small networks Limited ability to model complex topologies Slower convergence compared to more advanced…
Key Points Preserve local autonomy while cooperating Used in political, operational, and network contexts Can describe federated cooperation structures Often imply shared objectives with independent control Coordination without full centralization Definition Confederations are groups of autonomous systems or organizations that…
Key Points Delivered as a network service over cloud infrastructure Can include file, block, or object storage models Used for applications, backups, archives, and enterprise workloads Scales with cloud infrastructure without local hardware ownership Access performance, retention cost, consistency behavior,…
